

Dear Customer,
On behalf of the over 1000 women and men who work every day to provide you with excellent drinking water, I am happy to present this year’s annual water quality report. You can be sure that the reliability and safety of your drinking water is our top priority.
This report provides you with the results of our drinking water testing for 2023. Our staff conduct hundreds of thousands of tests each year to ensure that your water is safe. Our state-of-the-art surveillance system monitors your water every step of the way from the reservoir all the way to your kitchen tap. Once again, MWRA met every federal and state standard and the quality of your drinking water is excellent.
Every day, we see news stories about PFAS—or ‘forever chemicals’—in drinking water. Because our source water is so well protected, the water we deliver to you meets the current state, as well as the new federal EPA standards issued in April, with levels so low they cannot be quantified.
MWRA continues to be a leader in working to reduce the risk of lead in drinking water. System-wide, we remain below the Lead Action Level. Since 2016, we have provided $41 million in zero-interest loans to 17 communities for full lead service line removals. Please read your community’s letter on page 7 for more information on your local water system, and consider replacing your lead service line if your home has one.
While 2023 was a wet year, as stewards of these reservoirs, we know how precious a resource we have and we cannot afford to waste it. It is an exciting time to be working at MWRA as we continue to maintain and modernize the regional system begun over 175 years ago, while providing a vital service every day.
Please take a moment to read this report. We want you to have the same confidence in the water we deliver to your homes and businesses as we do. Please contact us with any questions or comments about your water quality, or any of MWRA’s programs.
Sincerely,

Frederick A. Laskey Executive Director
For more information on MWRA and its Board of Directors, visit www.mwra.com

Providing Safe Drinking Water, From Watershed To Workplace
For over 175 years, water professionals have been working to build, maintain and operate the regional system that provides a reliable safe supply of drinking water to your community.
Today, MWRA professionals work to ensure the delivery of safe, pure water for your home, school or business, 24/7/365. Our staff collaborate with water departments in 53 communities, to ensure the continuing delivery of safe drinking water to 2.5 million people at their homes and businesses.
This annual MWRA drinking water quality report for 2023 provides information on how we work to provide high quality water to your community and to you.
MWRA staff work with staff at your community, the Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR), and state and federal health professionals and regulators to provide and protect your drinking water. From the 400 square mile forest covered watersheds, to billions of gallons of water in the reservoirs, through treatment and thousands of miles of pipelines, and finally to your drinking water faucet, MWRA’s water experts conduct hundreds of thousands of tests on your water every year. Keeping the water safe is a continuous process, from watershed to water tap. MWRA’s staff across our entire organization carry out the work needed to protect your water.

Protected at the Source
The water MWRA and your community provide to your home or business starts with our two pristine reservoirs in central Massachusetts — the Quabbin Reservoir, 65 miles from Boston, and the Wachusett Reservoir, 35 miles from Boston. Combined, these two reservoirs provide an average of 200 million gallons of pure, highly protected, high quality water each day. The Ware River provides additional water when needed.
The Quabbin watershed — the area that drains water to the reservoir—is naturally protected. More than 85% of the land is covered with forests and wetlands, which filter the rain and snow that enter the streams that flow to the reservoirs. This water comes in contact with soil, rock, plants, and other material as it follows its natural path to the reservoirs. This process helps to clean the water, but it also can dissolve and carry very small amounts of material into the reservoir. Minerals and rock do not typically cause problems in the water. Water can also transport contaminants, including naturally occurring minerals or radioactive material, and bacteria, viruses or other potential pathogens from human and animal activity that can cause illness. Testing results show that few contaminants are found in the reservoir water, and those few are in very small amounts well below EPA’s treatment standards.

MWRA and DCR staff work together to implement our nationally recognized watershed protection program. The Department of Environmental Protection’s (MassDEP) Source Water Assessment report for the Quabbin and Wachusett Reservoirs commended DCR and MWRA for our source water protection plans. The report states that our “watershed protection programs are very successful and greatly reduce the actual risk of contamination.” MWRA and DCR follow the report recommendations to maintain the pristine watershed areas and high quality source water. For more information on our source water, go here.
Water: Tested From The Source
DCR biologists and environmental scientists sample the streams that feed the reservoir to identify and resolve potential pollution sources, and to monitor water quality trends. MWRA and DCR scientists sample and analyze water in the reservoir, and use specialized monitoring buoys to remotely and continuously monitor the reservoir. Based on this information, MWRA operators can make key decisions on how to manage the water in the Quabbin reservoir. A key, initial test for reservoir water quality leaving the reservoirs is turbidity, or cloudiness. Turbidity refers to the amount of suspended particles in the water and can impair water disinfection. All water must be below 5 NTU (nephelometric turbidity units), and water can only be above 1 NTU if it does not interfere with effective disinfection. In 2023, typical levels in the Wachusett Reservoir were 0.25 NTU, and highest level was only 0.4 NTU.

MWRA also tests water for potential disease-causing organisms, including fecal coliform bacteria, and parasites such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium, that can enter the water from animal or human waste. All test results were well within state and federal treatment standards. Learn more about test results for waterborne contaminants and their potential health impacts at: mwra.com.
How We Treat Your Water
MWRA’s Brutsch Water Treatment Facility, located in Ware, provides state of the art treatment and monitoring of your water in Chicopee Valley communities. Well trained and licensed operators add measured doses of treatment chemicals to improve the quality of your water. Water treatment includes:
- Ultraviolet light (UV), a similar but more powerful form of natural disinfection than sunlight, renders pathogens non-infectious.
- Chlorine disinfects the water, killing bacteria, viruses and other organisms, and protects the water as it travels through miles of pipelines to your home.
- Each community treats the water to reduce the leaching of lead from home plumbing.
- Chicopee performs additional booster disinfection at the point where the local pipes take water from the MWRA aqueduct.
After we treat your water, MWRA operators and environmental quality staff test it as it leaves the treatment plant, and as it travels towards your home, as required by EPA and state regulations. MWRA sampling teams, and chemists and biologists at MWRA’s four laboratories conduct hundreds of thousands of tests per year for over 120 contaminants. A complete list is available on mwra.com. The results for 2023 are shown in the table below and elsewhere in this report. They confirm the quality and safety of the water your community receives from MWRA.
Testing All The Way To Your Home
After we treat your water, MWRA operators and environmental quality staff test it as it leaves the treatment plant, and as it travels towards your home, as required by EPA and state regulations. MWRA sampling teams, and chemists and biologists at MWRA’s four laboratories conduct hundreds of thousands of tests per year for over 120 contaminants. A complete list is available on mwra.com. The results for 2023 are shown in the table below. They confirm the quality and safety of the water your community receives from MWRA.
Monitoring For PFAS
PFAS, or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, used since the 1940’s for many purposes from stain and water proofing to firefighting, continue to be a national concern. Due to our well protected sources, tests of MWRA water show only trace amounts of these compounds, well below the state PFAS6 standard of 20 parts per trillion. MWRA also meets the new EPA standards announced in April 2024. See mwra.com for results and more details.
Working With Your Community To Test Your Water

Water conditions can change within your town’s distribution system. Water department staff in
each community test for contaminants that can vary within community pipes. MWRA staff work with local water departments to sample and test water each week for total coliform bacteria. Total coliform bacteria can come from the intestines of warm-blooded animals, or can be found in soil, plants, or other places. Most of the time, they are not harmful. However, their presence could signal that harmful bacteria from fecal waste may be there as well. If total coliform is detected in more than 5% of water samples in a month, the water system is required to investigate the possible source and fix any identified problems. No CVA community exceeded the total coliform trigger in 2023. If a water sample does test positive, our laboratory staff run a more specific test for E. coli, a bacteria found in human and animal fecal waste which may cause illness. No E. coli was found in any CVA community water in 2023.
MWRA Coliform Assessment

Coliforms are bacteria that are naturally present in the environment and are used as an indicator that other, potentially harmful, waterborne pathogens may be present, or that a potential pathway exists through which contamination may enter the drinking water distribution system. In September 2023, we found coliforms at one sample tap indicating the need to look for potential problems in water treatment or distribution.
When this occurs, we are required to take additional samples and to conduct an assessment to identify and correct problems found during the assessment. No positive samples were identified in the follow up samples at community entry locations. We completed the Level 1 assessment, which identified potential issues with the sampling tap, and submitted it to MassDEP. We modified our sampling procedures to reduce the risk of stagnant water affecting results.
Maintenance and Reliability
MWRA continues to invest in consistent, reliable, water treatment. During 2024, portions of the chlorination equipment at the Brutsch Water Treatment Facility will be upgraded. Your community is investing in reliability as well. MWRA provides zero-interest loans to communities for pipeline rehabilitation and other water quality improvements. During 2023, we loaned $50 million to 17 communities for pipeline projects. Additional information on local projects can be seen on page 7 of your communities' report.

Working To Keep Lead Out Of Drinking Water
The water from MWRA’s reservoirs is free of lead. Lead can be found, however, in your home piping system—and in your home or business drinking water. Learn about the health impacts of lead and how to reduce exposure to this toxic metal.
Lead affects young children and may cause damage to the brain, slow growth and development, and create learning and behavior problems. Preventing lead exposure is particularly important if a pregnant woman or a child lives in your home or apartment. Lead can also impact the health of your entire family. While lead poisoning frequently comes from exposure to lead paint chips or dust, lead in drinking water can also contribute to total lead exposure.
How Lead Enters Drinking Water
Lead in your home plumbing, or a lead service line, can contribute to elevated lead levels in the water you drink. MWRA’s water is lead-free when it leaves our reservoirs. Water mains that provide water to your community are made mostly of iron, steel, or concrete, and do not add lead to the water. Lead can enter your tap water from your service line—the pipe connecting your home to the water main—if it is made of lead, lead solder used in plumbing, or from some older brass faucets.

Corrosion, or wearing away of lead-based materials, can add lead to tap water, especially if water sits in the pipes for a long time before it is used. MWRA’s licensed treatment operators adjust the water’s pH and buffering capacity by adding sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide to the water. This treatment makes water less corrosive and reduces leaching of lead into drinking water. Lead levels found in tests of tap water have dropped by nearly 90% since we made this treatment change in 1996. Learn more about lead in drinking water at mwra.com.
CVA Communities Meet Lead Standard
Under EPA and DEP rules, MWRA and your local water department are required to test local tap water each year. We collect samples from homes with lead service lines or lead solder. The EPA rule requires that 9 of 10 homes tested must have lead levels below the Action Level of 15 parts per billion (ppb).

Important EPA Information On Lead
If present, elevated levels of lead can cause serious health problems, especially for pregnant women and young children. Lead in drinking water comes primarily from materials and components associated with service lines and home plumbing. MWRA is responsible for providing high quality drinking water, but cannot control the variety of materials used in plumbing components. When your water has been sitting for several hours, you can minimize the potential for lead exposure by flushing your tap for 30 seconds to 2 minutes before using water for drinking or cooking. If you are concerned about lead in your water, you may wish to have your water tested. Information on lead in drinking water, testing methods, and steps you can take to minimize exposure is available from the Safe Water Drinking Hotline at 1-800-426-4791 or www.epa.gov/safewater/lead.


Working To Reduce Lead Exposure

Lead Service Lines
A service line is the pipe that connects your home or building to the water main in the street. If your service line is made of lead, it can be a main source of lead in your tap water. Older pipes that combined galvanized iron and lead connectors (“goosenecks”) can also release lead. Lead service lines should be removed entirely to prevent lead in your drinking water.
Working To Replace Lead Service Lines

To help replace lead service lines, MWRA and its Advisory Board offer zero-interest loans to member communities. Each MWRA community can develop its own local plan, and many communities have already taken steps to remove lead service lines. Since 2016, MWRA has provided $41 million to 17 communities to replace lead service lines. Your local water department staff can help you find out if you have a lead service line, and provide help in replacing it. In some cases, an onsite check is necessary to determine the specific piping to your building.
Many communities have on-line maps. You can also see if your service line is made of lead by scratching the pipe near your water meter with a key or other metal object. Lead pipes will show a dull grey color, while copper pipes will not.
For a how-to guide, go to: www.epa.gov/pyt.
Lead Testing In Schools And Childcare Facilities

Children can consume much of their drinking water at school or childcare. Plumbing there may contain lead and contribute to lead exposure. MWRA, in coordination with MassDEP, provides no-cost lab analysis and technical assistance for schools and childcare centers in MWRA communities. Since 2016, MWRA’s laboratory staff have conducted over 40,000 tests for 576 schools and childcares in 44 communities. Results are available on the MassDEP website at: www.mass. gov/dep (search for “lead in schools”). Or contact your local school or water department.
How To Test Your Drinking Water
If you are concerned about lead piping in your home, contact your local water department about testing for lead in your drinking water. MWRA also maintains a list of certified laboratories and sampling instructions here. You may also talk to an MWRA expert at 617-242-5323.
Steps To Reduce Lead In Your Home Or Office
- Find out if you have a lead service line, and get it replaced.
- Let water run before using it - fresh water is better than stale
- Any time water has not been used for more than 6 hours, run the faucet used for drinking water or cooking for at least one minute or until after the water runs cold. To save water, fill a pitcher with fresh water and place it in the refrigerator.
- Never use hot water from the faucet for drinking or cooking, especially when making baby formula or other food for infants or young children.
- Remove loose lead solder and debris. Every few months, remove the aerator from each faucet and run water for 3 to 5 minutes.
- Be careful of places where you may find lead in or near you home. Paint, soil, dust and pottery may contain lead. Call the Massachusetts Department of Public Health at 1-800-532-9571 or 1-800-424-LEAD for information on lead and health impacts.
Information We All Need


EPA Information On Bottled Water And Tap Water
Drinking water, including bottled water, may reasonably be expected to contain at least small amounts of some contaminants. The presence of contaminants does not necessarily indicate that water poses a health risk. More information about contaminants and potential health effects can be obtained by calling the EPA’s Safe Drinking Water Hotline (1-800-426-4791) or MWRA. In order to ensure that tap water is safe to drink, MassDEP and the EPA prescribe regulations which limit the amount of certain contaminants in water provided by public water systems. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) regulations establish limits for contaminants in bottled water, which must provide the same protection for public health.
Important Health Information: Drinking Water
And People With Weakened Immune Systems
Some people may be more vulnerable to contaminants in drinking water than the general population. Immuno-compromised persons such as persons with cancer undergoing chemotherapy, persons who have undergone organ transplants, people with HIV/AIDS or other immune system disorder, some elderly, and infants, can be particularly at risk from infections. These people should seek advice about drinking water from their health care providers. EPA/CDC guidelines on appropriate means to lessen the risk of infection by Cryptosporidium and other microbial contaminants are available from the EPA’s Safe Drinking Water Hotline (1-800-426-4791).
Important Research For New Regulations
MWRA works with EPA and health research organizations to help define new national drinking water standards by collecting data on water contaminants that are not yet regulated. Very few of these potential contaminants are found in MWRA water due to our source water protection efforts. Detailed information on testing for unregulated contaminants, as well as data on PFAS, disinfection by-products, Giardia and Cryptosporidium, and other contaminants can be found at mwra.com, search for UCMR.